Proved and Probable Ore Reserves published in compliance with the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Code 8 amounted to 17.7 kilotonnes (kt) of antimony in 2019 (Table 1). Critical minerals are those minerals (or elements) considered vital for the well-being of the world's economies, yet whose supply may be at risk of disruption. The recycling rate for antimony is unclear but thought to be between 1 and 28% in the European Union 1 and to account for around 18% of antimony supply in the United States of America 2.Īntimony features highly on the critical minerals lists of many countries including Australia 3, the United States of America 4, Canada 5, Japan 6 and the European Union 7. The bulk of secondary antimony is recovered at lead smelters from lead-acid batteries. In its purest forms, antimony is used in semiconductor technology, infrared detectors and diodes (two-terminal semiconductors that primarily conduct current in one direction only). ATO's use as a fire retardant also accounts for about one third of global antimony use. ATO is used in non-metallic products such as paint (pigment and fire retardant), ceramics (opacifier), enamels (fire retardant), rubber (fire retardant), glass (de-gassing), paper (fire retardant), plastics (fire retardant) and textiles (fire retardant). Antimony alloys are also used for manufacturing solder, sheet and pipe metal, ammunition, bearings, castings and pewter. Metallic antimony is used as a hardening agent for lead and its use in lead storage batteries accounts for around one third of global use. It is most commonly used with other metals to form alloys or combined with oxygen to form antimony trioxide (ATO Sb 2O 3). In the modern era, antimony is rarely used in pure form owing to the metal's tendency to be brittle and flaky. It also occurs in more than 100 other minerals, usually as oxide, e.g., valentinite (Sb 2O 3), and as antimonies of heavy metal sulphides such as tetrahedrite ((Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag) 12Sb 4S 13), livingstonite (HgSb 4S 7) and jamesonite (Pb 4FeSb 6S 14).ĭespite its potential toxicity, antimony is known to have been used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes in ancient times. Antimony is rarely found in its pure state and most commonly occurs in nature as the sulphide mineral stibnite (Sb 2S 3). Its average abundance in the Earth's crust ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 ppm, which is 10 times that of silver. A member of the arsenic group of elements, antimony is commonly found in association with gold mineralisation but it also occurs with some silver-lead-zinc deposits. Known as "stibium" in classical Latin, antimony is represented by the chemical symbol Sb. It is relatively soft, measuring only 3.25 on Moh's scale of mineral hardness. Send us feedback about these examples.Resource figures are current as at 31 December 2019.Īntimony is a silverly, lustrous grey metal that exhibits poor heat and electrical conductivity. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'oxymoron.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Houston Mitchell, Los Angeles Times, 7 Nov. 2022 But the Clippers just didn’t get enough Sunday, the oxymoron growing, a red-hot George accounting for 34 of their 102 points only to fall to a feisty Jazz squad that bombed and attacked their way to a 110-102 win. 2022 Affordable fine jewelry may sound like an oxymoron, but thanks to a recent boom in direct-to-consumer brands, the landscape is changing. 2022 For many parents, teenager communication skills is an oxymoron. 2023 The riff-laden metal song may be the best-sounding Nickelback song in years - and no, that is not an oxymoron! - Vulture, 7 Oct. Jessica Cherner, House Beautiful, 20 Jan. 2023 Linen napkins may seem like an oxymoron but these are more for fashion than function. 2023 While putting those two words together is seemingly an oxymoron, Crowder has been making that. 2023 The idea that working with a competitor can be beneficial sounds like an oxymoron, but history has shown that working collaboratively moves an industry toward less expensive, more responsive and more flexible solutions. Recent Examples on the Web Ashley Chandrasinghe is a player to watch in the future - and that's not an oxymoron.
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